Cultural Transmission Examples in Language

In linguistics, cultural transmission is the process whereby a language is passed on from one generation to the next in a community. It is also known as  cultural learning and  socio/cultural transmission. Cultural transmission is generally regarded as one of the key characteristics distinguishing human language from animal communication. However, as Willem Zuidema points out, cultural transmission is not unique to language or humans—we also observe it in music and bird song—but rare among primates and a key qualitative feature of language (Language in Nature in  The Language Phenomenon,  2013). Linguist Tao Gong has identified three primary forms of cultural transmission: Horizontal transmission, communications among individuals of the same generation;Vertical transmission, in which a member of one generation talks to a biologically-related member of a later generation;Oblique transmission, in which any member of one generation talks to any non-biologically-related  member of a later generation. (Exploring the Roles of Major Forms of Cultural Transmission in Language Evolution in The Evolution of Language, 2010). Examples and Observations While we may inherit physical features such as brown eyes and dark hair from our parents, we do not inherit their language. We acquire a language in a culture with other speakers and not from parental genes...The general pattern in animal communication is that creatures are born with a set of specific signals that are produced instinctively. There is some evidence from studies of birds as they develop their songs that instinct has to combine with learning (or exposure) in order for the right song to be produced. If those birds spend their first seven weeks without hearing other birds, they will instinctively produce songs or calls, but those songs will be abnormal in some way. Human infants, growing up in isolation, produce no instinctive language. Cultural transmission of a specific language is crucial in the human acquisition process. (George Yule, The Study of Language, 4th ed. Cambridge University Press, 2010) The evidence that human beings do indeed have species-unique modes of cultural transmission is overwhelming. Most importantly, the cultural traditions and artifacts of human beings accumulate modification over time in a way that those of other animal species do not—so-called cumulative cultural evolution. (Michael Tomasello, The Cultural Origins of Human Cognition. Harvard University Press, 1999) A basic dichotomy in language evolution is between the biological evolution of the language capacity and the historical evolution of individual languages, mediated by cultural transmission (learning).(James R. Hurford, The Language Mosaic and Its Evolution. Language Evolution, ed. by Morten H. Christiansen and Simon Kirby. Oxford University Press, 2003) A Means of Cultural Transmission One of the most important functions of language is its role in the construction of reality. Language is not simply a tool for communication; it is also a guide to what [Edward] Sapir terms social reality. Language has a semantic system, or a meaning potential which enables the transmission of cultural values (Halliday 1978: 109). Therefore, while the child is learning language, other significant learning is taking place through the medium of language. The child is simultaneously learning the meanings associated with the culture, realized linguistically by the lexico-grammatical system of the language (Halliday 1978: 23). (Linda Thompson, Learning Language: Learning Culture in Singapore. Language, Education, and Discourse: Functional Approaches, ed. by Joseph A. Foley. Continuum, 2004) The Language-Learning Disposition Languages—Chinese, English, Maori, and so forth—differ because they have different histories, with a variety of factors such as population movements, social stratification, and the presence or absence of writing affecting these histories in subtle ways. However, these mind-external, place-and-time specific factors interact in every generation with the language faculty found in every human. It is this interaction that determines the relative stability and the slow transformation of languages and puts limits on their variability...Generally, whereas day-to-day cultural changes in language use may introduce new idiosyncrasies and difficulties such as hard-to-pronounce borrowed words, the language-learning disposition operating at the generational timescale pulls the mental representations of these inputs toward more regular and easily remembered forms...The case of language learning...illustrates how the existence of a genetically inherited disposition is a factor in the s tabilization of cultural forms not by directly generating these forms but by causing learners to pay special attention to certain types of stimuli and to use—and sometimes distort—the evidence provided by these stimuli in specific ways. This, of course, leaves room for much cultural variability.(Maurice Bloch, Essays on Cultural Transmission. Berg, 2005) Social Symbol Grounding Social symbol grounding refers to the process of developing a shared lexicon of perceptually-grounded symbols in a population of cognitive agents...In slow, evolutionary terms, it refers to the gradual emergence of language. Our ancestors started from a pre-linguistic, animal-like society with no explicit symbolic and communicative means. During evolution, this led to the collective development of shared languages used to talk about entities in the physical, internal and social world. In ontogenetic terms, social symbol grounding refers to the process of language acquisition and cultural transmission. In early age, children acquire the language of the groups they belong to via imitation of their parents and peers. This leads to the gradual discovery and construction of linguistic knowledge (Tomasello 2003). During adulthood, this process continues through the general mechanisms of cultural transmission.(Angelo Cangelosi, The Grounding and Sharing of Symbols. Cognition Distributed: Ho w Cognitive Technology Extends Our Minds, ed. by Itiel E. Dror and Stevan R. Harnad. John Benjamins, 2008)

Analysis Of The Narrative Fantomina - 1170 Words

Fantomina follows a feminist agenda with its protagonist lusting after a man and being in control of most of the sexual encounters that occur with him. In the narrative, Haywood uses feminist ideologies to show a relationship between sexual liberation and oppression. The relationship is used to convey the gender and social stereotypes that existed during the eighteenth century. The omniscient narrator begins the story by describing the protagonist as â€Å"A young Lady of distinguished Birth, Beauty, Wit, and Spirit† and creates an image of a young, lively woman who is from a higher social class. The protagonist is at a playhouse and notices men gravitating towards the prostitutes and decides she would like to receive the same attention as†¦show more content†¦The protagonist tells Beauplaisir her name is Fantomina. She explains to him she is not a mistress and came to town to buy clothes. He believes her and does not apologize or regret taking her virginity. While he triumphs in the loss of her virginity, the protagonist feels a loss of honor. The protagonist is victimized in the beginning of the story. The narrator mocks her for having a lack of judgment and is not sympathetic when the protagonist is raped. There is a change in narrative when the protagonist reflects on her time with Beauplaisir. â€Å"The more she reflected on the Merits of Beauplaisir, the more she excused herself for what she had done† (Haywood, 4). She internalizes the idea that the rape was her fault and begins to forgive herself for her actions. The protagonist begins to romanticize her time with Beauplaisir and devises a plan, so she can see Beauplaisir again. She returns to the playhouse as Fantomina. The protagonist adorns herself in jewels and assumes Beauplaisir will not be able to resist her. He pays no attention to her and denies her offer to accompany her to the Bath. She leaves the playhouse, but already has another plan devised. She travels to where Beau plaisir is lodging and disguises herself as a maid named Celia. Celia is a name used to reference pastoral poetry and idealizes labor in rural areas. The protagonist creates a fantasy of a maid’s work and service because it is not her reality. As Celia, the protagonist is submissive

Some People Believe That Competitive Sports free essay sample

Sport is a beneficial subject for children in primary and secondary school. Some sports at school are running, swimming or long jump and most of them are not so competitive. Some people think that competitive sports are no need in the school s programme. However, in my opinion, they are vital for children’s development. Firstly, no one can deny that sport will help people keep fit and stay healthy. Doing sport everyday can make the heart healthier and burn the excess energy of the body. It also prevent people from risk of obesity and heart attack. Furthermore, sport make their brain more active. As a result, people could study or work better. In children, sports are essential for the development of physical and mental health. Sports bring benefits in strength, height and stature for children. For all of these advantages, sports should be taught at school. However, competitive sport take a more important role in children education. We will write a custom essay sample on Some People Believe That Competitive Sports or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There is so boring and not exciting for running or swimming alone. Consequently, when children compete with their friends, they are motivated to try more. Besides, sports also increase their communication. When children take part in some competitive sports like football, volleyball or basketball, they have to build up a team work. As a result, they are forced to make friend. After that, they talk as well as understand deeply about each others. In addition, playing sports will teach them a practical lesion of winning or losing after the contest. When they win, they will be more confident to go ahead. However, as they are losers, they must stand up and try for the next one. It is very necessary for children to improve themselves by step. Overall, competition sometimes makes children feel stressful and tired; however, competitive sports are necessary for them to improve their abilities As a result, it is the vital key to go to the success in the future. (318 words).

Doing Custom Term Paper Assignments - How to Effectively Handle Your Class

Doing Custom Term Paper Assignments - How to Effectively Handle Your ClassGetting your students to complete their assignments is one of the first things that you must learn when you are teaching in a custom term paper setting. If you have been in this situation before, or have observed this in someone else's class, the following tips will help you handle the situation.Always be consistent-Teaching is about constantly staying on task, and if you're teaching in a custom setting it's important that you hold yourself to the same standard. If you don't expect your students to follow a standard curriculum, then they won't. You need to be consistent with your expectations and that will help set your students' attention to studying.Let them know what you expect-Once you set up the format for your custom papers, you should also let your students know what they will be expected to do. You can tell them in terms of how much work they will be expected to do and the exact manner in which they wil l be expected to complete their assignments. Be clear about what you expect them to do and you will help your students stay on task.Give them leeway-Because this is different from a standard assignment, you will need to let them know when you think it is okay to exceed the norm. Of course, not all students will be able to fit into your format. There will be some assignments that you have them do that requires more work and effort, especially if it's a course that requires extra work on your part.Even if it is well beyond your expectations, you can still accept it-even if you feel that it's beyond your strength to do. Since you're teaching in a custom setting, you want to get the best out of your students. Even if it is beyond your capabilities, you can still allow them to complete their assignment.When you do this, you will encourage your students to complete more of their assignments-whether you don't understand the concept or you just didn't know how to make the topic work for the m. In both cases, you will be showing respect to your students and that will encourage them to continue with their assignments.Making your students feel like they need to prove themselves is not a good idea-this can actually take your class away from them and hurt the purpose of having them as part of your classroom. Students should not feel like they have to prove themselves and you shouldn't put any pressure on them to do so.So when you are teaching in a customization setting, make sure that you take note of these tips and implement them if you feel that they will benefit your students. It's really important that you maintain control and that you don't take the resources of your students.

Why Everybody Is Talking About Chicago Essay Topics...The Simple Truth Revealed

Why Everybody Is Talking About Chicago Essay Topics...The Simple Truth Revealed What You Should Do to Find Out About Chicago Essay Topics Before You're Left Behind If you've always experienced difficulties with this kind of assignment or couldn't find relevant data to present solid arguments, our experts are at your services. Here are some suggestions to assist you in getting started. Use the assistance of true academic experts and receive the service you have earned! Tell our experts what sort of homework help on the internet you want to get. When thinking about what to write, however, it can be tricky to keep the larger goal in mind. It's almost always a very good idea to get some notion of your audience's perspective, something I have discussed before in a variety of posts. Anytime a college asks this kind of question, the secret to an excellent answer is to help it become personal and specific to you. To guarantee that you will locate a complete answer to every question , we've got a support team that is always online. Whatever They Told You About Chicago Essay Topics Is Dead Wrong...And Here's Why If you're intimidated at the notion of making a book, there are lots of helpful sources out there to assist you. All you need to do is to locate reliable sources of information which offer writing tips. When you click the past essay questions, you are going to understand that the very first option they provide from their previous questions is option 2 from last calendar year, what I call the Sapir-Whorf question. This year's questions aren't any different. You see, as soon as a university has such special essay prompts, fewer students will apply since they're lazy and they don't wish to compose a slew of essays which are only suited for the University of Chicago. Applicants that are offered admission and choose to matriculate at Loyola will have to present official results before enrolling. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about a coming deadline. Students who have to submit a credential evaluation will be reached by the Undergraduate Admission Office. The Importance of Chicago Essay Topics If you discover that the writer did not provide just what you expected, request a revision, and we'll make the corrections. As previously mentioned, one well-known quality of Chicago style essay format is using footnotes and endnotes. The revisions are completely free! Make an outline, write an excellent first draft, and edit several times. All About Chicago Essay Topics Chicago's air pollution is very badly polluted but plenty of individuals trying to address that problem by decreasing factory work around huge city. There are a lot of things to argue when it has to do with the law. Among the difficulties with women not having the ability to hold combat positions is that it might hurt their military careers being unable to serve time on the battlefield. If you're looking for useful UC essay ideas, the main issue to keep in mind is that you have to submit an original and unconventional application essay. The admission committee will not quit reading the essay once the word limit is reached. When you're working on the job of writing a UC admission essay, bear in mind which you have to impress the committee. Watch the quick video below before you keep on reading the complete analysis! Thus, they need to find some sample essays. Nowadays it's very hard to locate a trustworthy essay writing service. Submit your individual statement or essay. The New Fuss About Chicago Essay Topics However, you still need to attempt to submit a crystal clear and concise bit of writing. It is extremely important to acquire a Chicago style example which will function as a guide to writing own essay. This manner of writing is favored for research paper topics where the author should include extensive commentaries on parts of the text. Write a conventional essay. The business is recognized for superior custom made essays, prioritization of the customer's prerequisites, punctuality of article shipping. You could also get in touch with your writer to supply some additional recommendations or request information regarding the order's progress. Our customer support will gladly tell you whether there ar e any special offers at the present time, along with make sure you are getting the very best service our business can deliver. The convenient on-line student information packet offers detailed info about Concordia-Chicago's programs, for instance, step-by-step admission procedure, program requirements, and course descriptions. Getting the Best Chicago Essay Topics With the 2 pieces together, you need to be able to supply the admissions committee with a well-rounded picture of yourself. Due to this, many disagree on the way the laws should change (if they need to change at all) and there are lots of topics to pick from. Academic papers cannot contain any signals of plagiarism. Chicago style is just one of the most often occurring academic formats utilised in university education. In the interim, a number of your interests or goals may have changedthat isn't a terrible thing, and the admissions committee is not going to automatically assume that you're wishy-washy, if you don 't give them good reason to achieve that. You probably won't get in by attempting to seem like the ideal student. Every student necessitates help with homework from time to time. Be sure to provide your preferred teachers enough time to compose your letter of recommendation. Facts, Fiction and Chicago Essay Topics To create an outstanding essay, you need to use all of your creativity and writing skills. You've got zero control on your private information or other paperwork, or so the essay is the sole thing at which you can present your nature and interests. These are the sorts of things you'll be exploring when you compose a parenting argumentative essay. Submitting an application to any college or university is a small nerve wracking, but should you've written the ideal essay that you are able to you shouldn't have a thing to be concerned about. Like and every huge city Chicago has a huge crime level. Rather than making broad statements about what you would like to do, give certain examples from high school or extracurricular pursuits. Think about methods by which you better the activities you're involved in. You could be requested to submit a resume of activities as a component of your application.

Writing Persuasive Essays About Animals

Writing Persuasive Essays About AnimalsYou could write a persuasive essay on a variety of topics that discuss animals. You can even have a conversation with your reader about animal life, so long as you are able to point out differences. Animals can be good parents and great pets.This will make a good example for a lecture or even a science lesson. Most of the subjects covered in the essay are easily changeable in later sections. Your topic can also include other animal species, if you want to include it.To make sure your writing is interesting and not too preachy, begin by giving an introduction to animals in general. Give an overview about their role in nature. How do they relate to each other? You may be surprised at what you find out. You may end up stating a fact about yourself or an idea that others have expressed.The essay may conclude with examples of animals, such as an image of a cat jumping on a tennis ball, or a person riding a horse. You should have an introduction to th e reader, before you give any information about any animals in the essay. When you are done giving the basic information, then you can talk about particular animals that could be useful to your readers and why.You should make sure that the language you use is very clear and easy to understand. There are several ways you can research animals. One is to talk to a wildlife expert. They will give you a firsthand account of the types of animals found in an area. You should make sure that you get the locations of the animals in the essay as well.Make sure that you are doing background research on animals. Talk to a library about the animal's diet and lifestyle. An interesting fact about the animal should be included in the essay. You should also get a good history of the animal from a doctor or zoologist.If you need information during class time, you can always ask a teacher. You will usually get a discount on class time. While this might seem like an inconvenience, it will make your essa y more interesting and easier to read.Researching persuasive essay topics about animals can be time consuming, but if you do it correctly, you can make it interesting and informative. Try to include real life situations as well as facts. Even though animals will probably be avoided by some students, it is important to have them included in the essay. Overall, an interesting and compelling essay is important for a successful grade.

Why Everyone Is Talking About Elks Contest Essay Winners Essays Samples Drug Awareness

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